Hybrid vehicle propulsion systems and methods

ABSTRACT

A hybrid vehicle propulsion includes an engine and a first electric machine, where each is configured to selectively provide torque to propel the vehicle. The propulsion system also includes a second electric machine coupled to the engine to provide torque to start the engine from an inactive state. A high-voltage power source is configured to power both of the first electric machine and the second electric machine over a high-voltage bus. The propulsion system further includes a controller programmed to deactivate the engine and propel the vehicle using the first electric machine in response to the vehicle being driven at a steady-state speed for a predetermined duration of time. The controller is also programmed to restart the engine using the second electric machine powered by the high-voltage power source.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a propulsion system for a hybridvehicle.

INTRODUCTION

A vehicle can include an internal combustion engine coupled to atransmission and a final drive to transfer torque to road wheels topropel the vehicle. To start the engine of a non-hybrid vehicle, astarter motor can be energized which causes a crankshaft of the engineto turn and begin a combustion cycle. A hybrid electric vehicle mayutilize both an electric machine and/or an internal combustion engine topropel the vehicle in order to offer reduced fuel consumption andemissions.

SUMMARY

A hybrid vehicle propulsion includes an engine and a first electricmachine, where each is configured to selectively provide torque topropel the vehicle. The propulsion system also includes a secondelectric machine coupled to the engine to provide torque to start theengine from an inactive state. A high-voltage power source is configuredto power both of the first electric machine and the second electricmachine over a high-voltage bus. The propulsion system further includesa controller programmed to deactivate the engine and propel the vehicleusing the first electric machine in response to the vehicle being drivenat a steady-state speed for a predetermined duration of time. Thecontroller is also programmed to restart the engine using the secondelectric machine powered by the high-voltage power source.

A method of operating a vehicle propulsion system includes selectivelyoperating at least one of a combustion engine and a first electricmachine to provide a propulsion torque. The first electric machine isconfigured to receive power from at least a high-voltage power source.The method also includes deactivating the combustion engine in responseto the vehicle being operated at a speed corresponding to a power drawless than a power threshold for a predetermined amount of time. Themethod further includes restarting the combustion engine using torqueoutput from a second electric machine powered by the high-voltage powersource in response to a torque demand that is greater than a torquedemand threshold.

A vehicle propulsion system includes an engine and a first electricmachine each configured to selectively provide torque to propel thevehicle. The propulsion system also includes a second electric machinecoupled to the engine to provide torque to start the engine from aninactive state. A high-voltage power source is configured to power bothof the first electric machine and the second electric machine over ahigh-voltage bus. The propulsion system also includes a controllerprogrammed to start the engine using cranking torque output from thesecond electric machine powered by the high-voltage power source. Thecontroller is also programmed to operate both of the first electricmachine and the combustion engine to propel the vehicle in response toan acceleration demand greater than an acceleration threshold. Thecontroller is further programmed to operate the first electric machineas a generator to restore charge at the high-voltage power source inresponse to a vehicle deceleration condition. The controller is furtherprogrammed to deactivate the engine and operate the first electricmachine to propel the vehicle in response to the vehicle being operatedat a speed causing a power draw less than a predetermined power limit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a hybrid propulsion system.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a propulsion system controller.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a first alternate example hybridpropulsion system.

FIG. 4 is a table of operation modes of a hybrid propulsion system.

FIG. 5 is a time plot of various operation modes of a hybrid propulsionsystem.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a second alternate example hybridpropulsion system.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a third alternate example hybridpropulsion system and FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method executable by apropulsion system controller.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. It is to beunderstood, however, that the disclosed embodiments are merely examplesand other embodiments can take various and alternative forms. Thefigures are not necessarily to scale; some features could be exaggeratedor minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore,specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not tobe interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis forteaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the presentinvention. As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand,various features illustrated and described with reference to any one ofthe figures can be combined with features illustrated in one or moreother figures to produce embodiments that are not explicitly illustratedor described. The combinations of features illustrated providerepresentative embodiments for typical applications. Variouscombinations and modifications of the features consistent with theteachings of this disclosure, however, could be desired for particularapplications or implementations.

Referring to FIG. 1, vehicle 10 includes propulsion system 100 havingmultiple propulsion sources to provide motive power. In variousexamples, the propulsion system includes internal combustion engine 102to generate torque at shaft 104 which may be coupled to a crankshaft ofthe engine. The engine 102 may be a multi-cylinder internal combustionengine that converts fuel to a mechanical torque through a thermodynamicprocess. Shaft 104 is coupled to an input of a transmission 112 which isconfigured to provide multiple gear ratios to modify torque androtational speed to affect drive characteristics. The output of thetransmission 112 is then delivered to a final drive output shaft 114 todeliver torque to one or more road wheels 116. The propulsion system mayalso include a final drive mechanism 118 configured to allocate torqueto multiple road wheels 116 from a single torque input. In one examplethe final drive mechanism 118 is a differential configured to distributetorque to one or more side shafts which are coupled to road wheels 116.The propulsion system may be arranged to deliver torque through any of afront-wheel drive, a rear-wheel drive, or an all-wheel driveconfiguration.

The engine 102 may be selectively coupled and decoupled from thepropulsion system. One or more selectable disconnect elements may belocated at various positions along the torque flow path. For example, afirst clutch 106 may be provided to selectively engage or disengage thetorque output of the engine 102 based on the desired operating mode ofthe propulsion system 100. In an alternative example, a clutch may beincluded as a lockup portion of the fluid coupling torque converter.Additionally, any of the clutches described herein may be a selectablestate one-way clutch configured to passively engage, for example duringoverrun conditions, and actively engage to transfer torque in a singledirection. Other types of torque transfer mechanisms may be suitable toconnect and/or disconnect the engine from the driveline. Discussed inmore detail below, the disengaged state of the engine 102 facilitatesinactive engine operation modes to enhance fuel efficiency. As usedherein, an inactive state of the engine refers to a condition where theengine has substantially zero output torque and zero speed. In contrast,an active state refers to a condition where the engine is rotating.

The propulsion system 100 also includes a second propulsion source suchas a traction electric machine 122. In some examples the electricmachine may be integrated into a housing of the transmission 112. Thetraction electric machine 122 exchanges power with a high-voltagebattery 132 over a high-voltage bus. The traction electric machine isconfigured to convert stored electric energy from a battery tomechanical power, and in a reverse direction convert mechanical energyinto electrical energy to be stored at the battery. The tractionelectric machine 122 has multiple operating modes depending on thedirection of power flow. For example, the traction electric machine 122may operate as a traction motor to output torque, operate as a generatorto recover energy from rotational motion in the driveline, and alsooperate in a power-neutral freewheeling state. Additionally, thetraction electric machine 122 is configured as an “off-axis”motor-generator, meaning its axis of rotation is separate from the axisof rotation of the input shaft 104 of the transmission. A wider range oftorque ratios may be available, and a smaller electric machine may besufficient to satisfy propulsion demands. Additionally, the tractionelectric machine may be capable of high speeds of at least two to threetimes the engine output speed. In other examples, the traction electricmachine 122 may be arranged to be “on-axis” such that the axis ofrotation of the electric machine is common to the axis of rotation ofthe transmission input shaft.

In traction motor mode, a power conversion portion 128 operates as aninverter to convert DC power received from one or more energy storagesystems into a three-phase AC power to operate the electric machine. Inone example, DC power is delivered from a high-voltage battery 132allowing the traction electric machine 122 to output torque to motortorque interface 124. The power conversion portion also includes a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control of one or more internal switches toconvert the DC power into AC power in order to generate anelectromagnetic field to drive the electric machine. The motor torqueinterface 124 is coupled to a driveline torque interface 108 via atorque coupling 126. The torque coupling 126 may include a belt totransfer torque between the traction electric machine 122 and otherportions of the driveline. In this case, motor torque interface 124 anddriveline torque interface 108 may each be provided as pulleys arrangedto cooperate with the torque coupling 126. The belt can be a ribbedbelt, a flat belt or any other configuration suitable to transfertorque. In some examples, the torque coupling 126 may be provided as achain instead of a belt, and sprockets can be utilized with the chain asopposed of pulleys. In further examples, the driveline torque interface108, motor torque interface 124, and the torque coupling 126 may includea plurality of gears to transfer torque from the traction electricmachine 122 to the driveline for vehicle propulsion. The tractionelectric machine may be coupled or connected at various locations alongthe driveline relative to the torque flow of the propulsion system. Thetraction electric machine 122 may be disposed either upstream of thetransmission 112, downstream of the transmission 112, or integratedwithin a housing of the transmission 112. In alternative examples, thetraction electric machine is integrated into a rear differential of arear wheel drive configuration.

A second clutch 110 may be arranged to decouple both of the engine 102and the traction electric machine 122 from the driveline. The engine 102may still be coupled to the traction electric machine 122 to generatepower even when the propulsion sources are not propelling the vehicle.

In generator mode, the direction of torque flow through the torquecoupling 126 is reversed and rotational motion in the driveline is usedto turn the motor torque interface 124 to generate three phasealternating current. The power conversion portion 128 functions as apower rectifier to convert AC current generated by the traction electricmachine 122 into DC current to be received at the high-voltage battery132. The generated current may be used to recharge the high-voltagebattery 132 or supply electrical loads directly.

The high-voltage battery 132 also includes a plurality of sensors tooutput signals indicative of battery conditions, including but notlimited to battery temperature, current transfer at the battery, andbattery voltage. Generally, a high-voltage power source is one that hasan operating voltage greater than 30 volts but less than 60 volts. Inone example, the battery 132 is a lithium ion high-voltage battery witha nominal voltage of about 48 volts. In alternative examples, a 36 voltpower source may be provided as the high-voltage power source. Further,other energy storage types may be viable to provide power to thepropulsion system as well as other vehicle loads, such as lead acidbatteries, super capacitors, or other storage devices.

Low voltage battery 134 supplies power to vehicle loads 136 over alow-voltage bus. Loads 136 may include vehicle accessories and otherloads with relatively low electrical demand. For example, thelow-voltage battery may have a nominal voltage of about 12 volts andgenerally less than 18 volts.

A unidirectional or bidirectional DC-DC converter 138 exchanges powerbetween high and low voltage electrical buses. The DC-DC converter 138may be part of an accessory power control module (APM) and include aninternal unidirectional blocking switch or a bidirectional blockingswitch. In one configuration, the DC-DC converter 138 includes at leastone solid-state switch. The DC-DC converter 138 is configured to allowcontinuous or selective electrical communication between thehigh-voltage bus and the low-voltage bus. Therefore, the DC-DC converter138 can be utilized to ensure that the desired amount of current, withina predetermined voltage range, is delivered to low-voltage loads 136 topower various accessories which can include powering all or some of theaccessories of the vehicle 10. The DC-DC converter 138 can be utilizedto provide substantially constant voltage to the low-voltage loads 136if a voltage level of either power source differs from a desired nominalvalue. In one example, if the voltage level deviates to less than about10 volts or more than about 16 volts relative to a 12 volt nominalvalue, the DC-DC converter 138 can regulate the voltage being deliveredto the low-voltage load 136. Therefore, the DC-DC converter can increaseor decrease the voltage being delivered to power vehicle accessories Inanother example the DC-DC converter is arranged to convert voltage fromabout 48 volts to about 12 volts, and vice versa. While theaforementioned voltage values are provided by way of example, it shouldbe appreciated that the present disclosure may be related to powertransitions between a range of voltage values for each of a high-voltagebus and a low-voltage bus.

The DC-DC converter 138 may be used in either direction of powerexchange such that the high-voltage battery 132 may supply thelow-voltage loads 136 without drawing power from the low-voltage battery134. Additionally, the DC-DC converter 138 may be used to jump start thehigh-voltage battery 132 using power from the low-voltage battery 134.

In at least one example, each of the power sources, includinghigh-voltage battery 132 and low-voltage battery 134, is integrated intoa single power module 130. Additionally, the DC-DC converter 138 maysimilarly be integrated into the power module 130. In some alternateexamples, each of the power sources may have substantially the samevoltage. In further alternate examples, power may be provided by asingle high-voltage power source. In such examples, the single batterymay be jump started from an external power source. The DC-DC convertermay be used to step down the voltage to supply low voltage vehicleloads. Further still, certain alternate examples may include a thirdpower source, for example a redundant low-voltage power source.

Vehicle 10 includes a starter electric machine 140 that is selectivelycoupled to the engine 102. The starter electric machine 140 operates asa starter motor and when engaged with the engine leading up to acombustion cycle, and turns a crank portion of the engine to facilitatea cold start or a restart. The starter electric machine 140 may beselectively coupled to the engine through a geared mechanical connectionto pass torque to the crankshaft to start the engine. In one example, apinion gear 142 cooperates with a ring gear 144 to crank the engine fora start event. The ring gear 144 may be coupled to a flywheel of theengine 102. In another example, the starter electric machine 140 may beconnected to a crank pulley through a toothed belt mechanical connectionto pass torque to the crankshaft of the engine 102. According to someexamples, a controller 146 is programmed to issue a command to start theengine 102 using the starter electric machine 140 in response to anacceleration demand following a period of reduced acceleration demand.

The starter electric machine 140 is selectively engageable to the engine102 through a sliding pinion gear within a housing of the starterelectric machine. A starter actuator (not shown) may be disposed to movethe pinion gear 142 between a first disengaged position and a secondengaged position that is in mechanical connection with the ring gear 144to transfer torque. As discussed above there may be differentconfigurations of intermediate components to provide gear ratioadjustments and/or geometric adjustments due to powertrain packageconstraints. The starter actuator may receive a signal to engage thepinion gear once the starter electric machine is at a suitable speed forsmooth torque transfer to start the engine 102.

When the engine is restarted, it may be restarted from substantiallyzero rotational speed, or from a speed which is significantly less thanthe rotational speed of the downstream powertrain components such as thetraction electric machine 122. The controller 146 may implement a delayfollowing the initial restart of the engine 102 to allow engine speed toramp up to be within a predetermined range of the system speed prior toengaging the first clutch 106. Reducing the difference between enginespeed and speed of the downstream components improves the smoothness ofthe engagement of the first clutch 106 and reduces noise, vibration, andharshness (NVH) perceived by a passenger related to the engine restartevent. However, this delay may lead to a perceivable lag in the deliveryof additional propulsion torque required from the engine.

Some powertrain systems may include a brush contact type of startermotor coupled to the engine to provide the startup function. The startermotor is commonly powered by a low-voltage battery connected over alow-voltage bus. It may be powered by low-voltage battery 134 forexample, or by a supplemental low-voltage power source.

It may be less than optimal to keep a brushed contact starter motorconnected to the power source on an ongoing basis. Therefore brushedcontact starter motor systems commonly require a second actuator toselectively make a mechanical connection to an electrical terminal toprovide power. When it is desired to start the engine, the starteractuator as well as a secondary actuator must both be energized. In manyinstances the actuation must be performed sequentially. For example, thesecondary actuator may be actuated to provide power to allow the startermotor to build up rotational speed. Then, the starter actuator may beenergized to mechanically engage the starter motor output to the engineto facilitate the start event. Such a sequential actuation of multiplesolenoids to operate the starter motor may contribute to an undesirabletime delay for an engine restart event.

Additionally, a temporary voltage drop may be caused by the power loadof the starter motor resulting from an engine start event. A passengermay perceive certain symptoms such as a reduction in lamp illuminationlevels or temporary degraded function of other electrically-poweredaccessories due to the voltage drop. To avoid such undesirable symptoms,compensation means may be used but may have disadvantages. For examplean additional DC-DC boost converter may be provided to temporarily stepincrease the voltage to mask potential symptoms related to a voltagedrop caused by the starter motor. Alternatively, a supplemental powersource may be provided to supplement the low-voltage battery andcompensate for a voltage drop. Each of the above examples of a voltagedrop compensation means may increase cost, weight, and complexity of thepropulsion system.

A brush contact type of motor may also be inherently limited in the timerequired to start the engine. Related to the construction of the brushcontact motor, windings affixed to an internal rotor increase both thesize and the mass of the rotor itself. The additional rotational inertiaof the rotor may cause a higher duration of time to reach a desiredrotational speed from rest. This adds to the duration of the enginerestart and subsequently may limit the responsiveness of the propulsionsystem.

According to aspects of the present disclosure, the starter electricmachine 140 is a brushless permanent magnet DC motor selectively coupledto the engine 102 to provide a starting torque to restart the engine102. The starter electric machine 140 is powered by the high-voltagetraction battery 132 over the high-voltage bus. The high-voltageoperation of the starter electric machine 140 provides faster enginerestarts that enable quicker resumption of engine power delivery duringan acceleration event following engine deactivation. For example,conditions including accelerator pedal tip-in causing a rapid torquedemand following a coasting period where the engine was deactivated maybenefit from aspects of present disclosure.

Powering the starter electric machine 140 over the high-voltage buseliminates the need for an additional boost converter to stabilize thevoltage in the circuit due to power draw. The starter electric machineis powered by the same power source as the traction electric machine122. Utilizing a high-voltage power source also avoids the need for asupplemental power source to mitigate voltage drops caused by starteroperation. Further, by powering the starter electric machine over theseparate high-voltage bus, electrical isolation may be achieved betweenthe engine starting function and other vehicle accessory functions.

The brushless electric machine may be any of a number of known motortypes such as a surface permanent magnet machine, an internal permanentmagnet machine, a drag-cup induction machine, or a switched reluctancemachine for example. Brushless motors provide the additional benefit ofincreased duration of usable life due to the elimination of physicalwear from contact of brushes at the commutator. Further, anelectronically commutated electric machine may be capable of moreprecise control of motor speed as compared to a brushed motor. In someexamples, the starter electric machine may be operated using a fieldweakening control strategy to further improve control of the poweroutput. According to aspects of the present disclosure, the output speedof the second electric machine is synchronized with the speed of theengine to reduce NVH which may occur during a driver change-of-mindrestart event.

The brushless electric machine 140 may also include at least oneintegrated circuit which is programmed with control logic to performelectronic commutation as opposed to physical contacts employed by abrush motor. The electronic commutation may be achieved by a pluralityof solid-state switches (e.g., MOSFET, IGBT type transistors) includedwithin a housing of the electric machine. The switches are independentlyand selectively connectable to the high-voltage power source. Multiplestages of a commutation sequence are achieved by activating the switchesin a sequence to create a rotating magnetic field within the electricmachine. Based on selection of particular switches and the rate ofactuation, the speed and the output torque of the motor may be preciselycontrolled. In this way, a separate inverter may not be required toconvert direct current from the high-voltage battery 132 intothree-phase alternating current to drive the starter electric machine140. The starter electric machine 140 may also include internal sensors(e.g., Hall effect sensors) to detect the position and speed of themotor. This position feedback may be used to input the control logic toinfluence the actuation of the solid-state switches. The integratedcircuit performs electronic commutation of the solid-state switches inconjunction with the rotor position sensors to convert direct currentfrom the high-voltage power source into alternating current to drive thebrushless permanent magnet motor. The control logic may also includeprotection against undesirable motor conditions such as overcurrent,short-circuit, and thermal overheating. The integrated circuit may beadditionally programmed to execute a control action in response todetection of one or more error conditions of the motor.

The integrated circuit as discussed above may eliminate the need for adedicated actuator to engage and disengage the electrical connectionbetween the starter electric machine and the high-voltage battery 132.The internal solid-state switches may be used to electrically isolatethe starter electric machine from the power source without an additionalmechanical actuator. According to aspects of the present disclosure, thestarter electric machine is provided with a single solenoid actuator toselectively couple the starter electric machine to the engine, and isconnected to the high-voltage battery via the solid-state switches.

By using a brushless electric machine the inertia of the rotor may besignificantly reduced. The windings are located on the stator therebyreducing the mass of the rotor. For example, a center portion of therotor may be configured to be hollow to provide mass reduction. Further,permanent magnets of the rotor may be inset relative to an outer surfaceof the rotor to position the magnets closer to the axis of rotation ofthe rotor. Comparatively, brushed motor rotors are generally heavier andhave a larger diameter relative to a brushless configuration. In asimilar engine starter application using a brushed motor, the rotorinertia may be as much as five times greater. The combination of thereduced inertia of the electric machine and high power output over ahigh speed range (e.g., 5,000-16,000 RPM) enables a faster wind up ofthe electric machine, and thus a more rapid engine restart.

The starter electric machine 140 may also be powered over thelow-voltage bus. For example, in the case of a fault with a portion ofthe high-voltage power storage system, the engine 102 may still bestarted in order to propel the vehicle using engine-only propulsion.While full power from multiple propulsion sources may be unavailable,reduced operation from a single propulsion source may avoid a strandedvehicle situation. In another example, extreme low temperature startevents may be powered by the low-voltage battery (e.g., a lead acidbattery) having better low temperature performance. More specifically,at temperatures below about −30 C., the low-voltage battery may be usedto power the starter electric machine until the high-voltage battery haswarmed to a higher, natural operating temperature. In these cases, thestarter electric machine 140 may be energized using current suppliedfrom the low-voltage battery 134 via 138 in boost mode.

In further examples, the starter electric machine 140 is provided with atwo-speed drive mechanism to enable different modes of operation. Forexample, the engine start operation discussed above may correspond to afirst speed. The starter motor may also be capable of providingsupplemental torque to the engine even when running at higher speeds.This may be beneficial in the case of a fault with the traction electricmachine 122. In such a case the starter electric machine 140 providesredundant power by operating at a second speed and contributes tooperation of the propulsion system in a “limp home” reducedfunctionality mode.

An electric power steering (EPS) system 120 may provide a power assistto changes in the angle of wheels 116 in response to driver actuation ofa steering wheel. In one alternative example discussed in more detailbelow, the EPS system may be controlled by a controller in an autonomousself-driving vehicle mode. The EPS system may be powered by at least oneof the high-voltage battery 132 and the low-voltage battery 134.

The propulsion system 100 also includes a front end accessory drive(FEAD) system 158 operated from an output portion of the engine 102. TheFEAD includes a FEAD torque interface 160 which is coupled to an engineoutput torque interface 162. In one example the torque interface 160 andthe engine output torque interface 162 are each pulleys that are coupledby a belt 164. Engine ancillary devices, such as a water pump and/or anHVAC system may be driven by the FEAD.

The various propulsion system components discussed herein may have oneor more associated controllers to control and monitor operation.Controller 146, although schematically depicted as a single controller,may be implemented as one controller, or as system of controllers incooperation to collectively manage the propulsion system. Communicationbetween multiple controllers, and communication between controllers,actuators and/or sensors may be accomplished using a direct wired link,a networked communications bus link, a wireless link, a serialperipheral interface bus or any another suitable communications link.Communications includes exchanging data signals in any suitable form,including, for example, electrical signals via a conductive medium,electromagnetic signals via air, optical signals via optical waveguides,and the like. Data signals may include signals representing inputs fromsensors, signals representing actuator commands, and communicationssignals between controllers. In a specific example, multiple controllerscommunicate with one another via a serial bus (e.g., Controller AreaNetwork (CAN)) or via discrete conductors. The controller 146 includesone or more digital computers each having a microprocessor or centralprocessing unit (CPU), read only memory (ROM), random access memory(RAM), electrically-programmable read only memory (EPROM), a high speedclock, analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) circuitry,input/output circuitry and devices (I/O), as well as appropriate signalconditioning and buffering circuitry. The controller 146 may also storea number of algorithms or computer executable instructions needed toissue commands to perform actions according to the present disclosure.

The controller 146 is programmed to monitor and coordinate operation ofthe various propulsion system components. The controller 146 is incommunication with the engine 102 and receives signals indicative of atleast engine rotational speed, temperature, as well as other engineoperating conditions. The controller 146 is also in communication withthe traction electric machine 122 and receives signals indicative ofmotor speed, torque, temperature, current draw, and voltage across themotor. The controller may also be in communication with both of thehigh-voltage battery 132 and the low-voltage battery 134 and receivesignals indicative of at least battery state of charge (SOC),temperature, voltage and current draw. SOC represents the remainingcharge available in a battery and is characterized as a percentage of afull charge (i.e., 100%). The controller also receives signalsindicative of the circuit voltage at various points across thehigh-voltage bus and the low-voltage bus. The controller 146 may furtherbe in communication with one or more sensors at driver input pedals (notshown) to receive signals indicative of pedal position which may reflectboth positive and negative acceleration demand provided by the driver.The driver input pedals may include an accelerator pedal and/or a brakepedal. In certain alternative examples, such as a self-drivingautonomous vehicle, acceleration demand may be determined by a computerthat is either on-board or off-board of the vehicle without driverinteraction.

The controller 146 may also be capable of wireless communication usingtransceiver 148. The transceiver may be configured to exchange signalswith a number of off-board components or systems. The controller 146 isprogrammed to exchange information using a wireless communicationsnetwork 150. Data may be exchanged with a remote server 152 whichoperates to reduce on-board data processing and data storagerequirements. In at least one example, the server 152 performsprocessing related to propulsion system diagnosis and prognosis. Ongoingsystem performance data is uploaded and stored at the server 152. Theserver may store one or more model-based computation algorithms toperform state of health analysis for various propulsion sub-systemsincluding at least the traction electric machine, the starter electricmachine, and the energy storage system. Vehicle analytics performed atthe off-board server 152 allows warning messages to be relayed back toinform a vehicle user of a component state of health. Further, revisedoperational instructions may be provided to the controller based on thevehicle analytics. For example, the frequency of engine deactivationevents may be reduced in response to a degraded state of health of thestarter electric machine. In some examples, at least a portion of themodel-based algorithms is stored in a memory at the controller 146.

The controller 146 may further be in communication with a cellularnetwork 154 or satellite to obtain a global positioning system (GPS)location. Additionally real-time information such as traffic flow andweather may similarly be conveyed to the controller over the wirelesscommunications network 150. Upcoming engine deactivation and/orre-activation may be predetermined based on geographic locationinformation such as speed limits or local traffic flow.

The controller 146 may also be in direct wireless communication withobjects in a vicinity of the host vehicle. For example, the controllermay exchange signals with one or more vehicles 156 to exchangeinformation regarding the relative proximity of the vehicles withrespect to one another. Such information may be used to predict imminentdeceleration and/or acceleration of the vehicle based on the movement ofnearby objects. More specifically, an upcoming engine deactivation eventmay be predicted based on an upcoming accelerator tip-out related totraffic or other nearby vehicles decelerating. Similarly, an imminentengine restart may be predicted based on an upcoming increase in vehiclespeed (i.e., increased torque demand) related to improved traffic flow.In a further example, the proximity and/or movement of external objectsmay facilitate autonomous driving features such as automaticself-parking.

With specific reference to FIG. 2, a system diagram of controller 146depicts several input and output signals related to operation of thepropulsion system. In one example the controller 146 is configured toreceive a plurality of input signals 202 from the traction electricmachine, such as of at least a traction electric machine torque signal,τ_(EM1), a traction electric machine speed signal, ω_(EM1), and atraction electric machine temperature signal Temp_(EM1). The controller146 may also be configured to receive input signals 204 from the starterelectric machine such as the starter electric machine torque signalτ_(EM2), a traction electric machine speed signal ω_(EM2), and atraction electric machine temperature signal Temp_(EM1). The controller146 is further configured to receive input signals 206 indicative ofoperating conditions of each of the high-voltage battery and low-voltagebattery respectively, such as battery voltages V_(b1) and V_(b2),current I_(b1) and I_(b2), state of charge SOC_(b1) and SOC_(b2), andbattery temperature Temp_(b1) and Temp_(b2). The controller is furtherconfigured to receive input signals 208 indicative of various othervehicle operating conditions, such as propulsion system torque demandτ_(DEMAND), braking demand Brk_(DEMAND), vehicle analytics such assub-system state of health, external object proximity Ext_(Prox), globalpositioning system location GPS, transmission gear state TransGear, aswell as the operational state of a plurality of different vehicledevices STATE_(DEVICE1) through STATE_(DEVICE i). The controller 146 isfurther configured to receive input signals ACC_(DEMAND) representativeof power load of vehicle accessories. While several example inputs aredescribed herein by way of example, it is contemplated that additionalor different combinations of inputs may be suitable to influenceoperation of the propulsion system.

Based on the various input signals received by the controller, aprocesser is programmed to execute one or more algorithms to controloperation of the propulsion system. An operating system 210 is stored atthe controller 146 to monitor and regulate operation of the componentsof the propulsion system. The operating system 210 may include apropulsion mode selection algorithm 212 to determine and implement themost suitable combination of propulsion sources based on the inputconditions. More specifically, the controller monitors the battery,engine and motor systems to determine the best mode of operation at anygiven time based on the respective current states. In one example, thepropulsion system may include at least an engine-only drive mode, aregenerative operation drive mode, an electric-only EV drive mode, and adual propulsion source HEV mode.

The operating system 210 may also include an algorithm 214 to preparefor the initiation of an auto-start procedure. The controller 146 isprogrammed to deactivate the engine in response to certain operatingconditions with relatively low torque demand. In one example, the engineis deactivated when the vehicle is at rest having substantially zerovelocity. The controller may also be programmed to issue a command todeactivate the engine during a coast event where the vehicle deceleratesdue to its own rolling resistance. Once torque demand is increased togreater than a predetermined threshold, the engine may be automaticallyrestarted to provide propulsion torque. Auto-start is used to restartthe engine following a period of deactivation. Algorithm 214 may alsoinclude a logic portion to prompt a preparation of the starter electricmachine in advance of the auto-start event. For example, the speed ofthe electric machine may be ramped up to be synchronized with arotational speed of the engine prior to commanding the starter actuatorto engage the starter electric machine. As discussed above, thebrushless motor starter electric machine enables a more rapid responseduring an engine auto-start event. Therefore the engine may bedeactivated more frequently during driving without a perceivablereduction in torque performance of the propulsion system.

The operating system 210 may further include an algorithm 216 thatincludes starter system selection. Based on the operating conditions ofthe propulsion system, the engine may be restarted from any of multiplesources. For example under most normal operating conditions, thebrushless starter motor powered by the high-voltage power source is usedto start the engine. Under other conditions, such as a low SOC of thehigh-voltage power source, the low-voltage power source may be used topower the starter motor. In further examples such as certain faultconditions, rotation present in the driveline may be used to turn theengine for restart in a fault mode. More specifically, one or more ofthe clutches may be engaged to restart the engine using drivelinerotation if other starter sources are unavailable.

The operating system 210 may further include an algorithm 218 forcontrolling actuation of engagement mechanisms of the starter electricmachine. As discussed above, an example mechanism includes a slidingpinion gear within a housing of the starter electric machine and astarter actuator to move the pinion gear between a first disengagedposition and a second engaged position. The logic for control of thestarter actuator may be included in algorithm 218.

The operating system 210 may further include an algorithm 220 forcontrolling the hybrid vehicle operating strategy. Certainpredeterminations of ideal operation to maximize fuel economy and energyrecovery may be made using information known in advance. For example,based on an upcoming route provided by a user, opportunistic rechargingtiming may be planned in advance such that the controller may forecastcertain occurrence of engine on/off states, electric machine on/offstates, energy regeneration states, and engine restart events forexample.

The operating system 210 may further include an algorithm 222 formanaging fault tolerance during operation. As discussed above, thepropulsion system 100 often remains operational in spite of degradedfunction or loss of function of certain individual components. The faulttolerance algorithm 222 ensures that the vehicle will not be strandeddue to component degradation and prevents a customer walk-homesituation. For example, when a high-voltage battery SOC is belowcritical level to restart the engine, this algorithm sets the DC-DCconverter to a boost mode to supply sufficient charge from thelow-voltage battery or provide a 12 volt jump start power source to thehigh-voltage power source to enable the engine start function. In theengine-running condition, if either the low-voltage battery or thehigh-voltage battery is disconnected due to a loose contact or otherfault, the low-voltage loads can be sustained by operating the tractionelectric machine 122 in generating mode and supplying the low-voltageloads via the DC-DC converter operated in the buck mode. In anotherscenario, if there is a fault in the starter 140, the electric machine122 can be operated as a motor to start the engine by opening clutch 110and engaging clutch 106. In case the low-voltage battery, whichgenerally powers most of the vehicle controllers, is fully dischargedand the vehicle is not responsive to key starts, the fault tolerancealgorithm can power the critical controllers using the high-voltagepower source via the DC-DC converter so that the vehicle can be started.

Algorithms 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222 are each described above asindependent features. However, it should be appreciated that certainaspects of the features includes functional overlap and therefore may becombined into more comprehensive overarching algorithms.

With continued reference to FIG. 2, the controller 146 provides severaloutput signals to influence the operation of the propulsion system. Aset of clutch control signals 224 is output from the controller to openand/or close any of the plurality of clutches to control the torque flowpath through the propulsion system. The various example configurationsdescribed in the present disclosure include a number of different clutchpositions to influence the torque input to, and torque output from, anyof the several propulsion sources. Clutch control signals C₁ throughC_(i) represent commands issued to control any of the i number ofclutches in the propulsion system. Any of the clutches may be integratedas part of other propulsion system components, such as within atransmission housing or within a torque converter fluid coupling device.

The controller 146 also outputs a set of control signals 226 to actuateany of the plurality of actuators in the propulsion system. Actuatorcontrol signals A₁ through A_(i) represent commands issued to controlany of the i number of actuators in the propulsion system. Certain ofthe actuators determine mechanical coupling between the propulsionsources and the drive line. Other of the actuators may control thecurrent flow through the high-voltage and/or low-voltage bus to powercomponents of the propulsion system. Additional electrically-drivenactuators of the propulsion system, such as EPS system actuators tochange wheel angle, may be operated based on command signals 226 outputfrom the controller 146.

The controller 146 also outputs a set of electric machine commands 228to operate the individual electric machines. The electric machines mayinclude control logic to receive commands that influence the torqueand/or speed of any of the electric machines. Each of the commands mayinclude control of power flow to an individual electric machine. Morespecifically, such commands may control at least one of a voltage level,a current level, and PWM parameters for electric machine operation.According to an example, the controller 146 provides command signalsEM_(TRACTION), EM_(STARTER), and EM_(ACCESORY) to control the tractionelectric machine 122, the starter electric machine 122, as well as anyof a number of potential accessory electric machines discussed in moredetail below.

The controller 146 also regulates voltage delivered to low-voltage loadssuch as vehicle accessories. The controller outputs a control signalAPM_(CTRL) to the APM to regulate the voltage level passed from at leastone of the high-voltage bus and the low-voltage bus to the low-voltageloads 136.

Referring to FIG. 3, an alternate example propulsion system 300 isprovided. Common reference numerals are used where components operate inthe same fashion as previous examples. The propulsion system 300includes a waste heat recovery (WHR) sub-system. A turbine 302 isarranged in an exhaust flow path 304 downstream from an exhaust manifold306 of the engine 102. Exhaust gas flowing from the engine 102 passesthrough the turbine 302 causing the turbine to spin. The exhaust is thenrouted through an exhaust aftertreatment system 308 prior to beingreleased from a tail pipe 310. The turbine 302 is coupled to acompressor 312 such that rotation of the turbine also rotates thecompressor. An air intake 314 directs fresh air through the compressor312 to create a pressure rise. The pressurized air is then passed to anintake manifold 316 coupled to the engine 102. An accessory electricmachine 318 is coupled to the compressor 312. The accessory electricmachine 318 is arranged to provide torque to rotate the compressor 312.A pressure rise may be generated more rapidly as compared to the timerequired for the turbine to rotate solely due to exhaust gas flow. Inthis way the electric machine reduces a lag in power buildup of theturbo charger system. The accessory electric machine 318 is alsoconfigured to generate power from the compressor rotation once theturbine is fully driven by exhaust flow. The power may be passed to atleast one of the high-voltage battery 132 and low-voltage battery 134.

In alternative configurations, the accessory electric machine 318 may becoupled to the turbine 302 of the WHR. In this way, the accessoryelectric machine 318 may be powered to spin the turbine 302 ahead ofexhaust flow build up. Much like the previous example, the electricmachine 318 contributes to responsiveness and helps to avoid lagturbocharger output. Once exhaust flow is at full capacity to drive theturbine, the accessory electric machine 318 may be operated as aturbogenerator to recover energy from the rotation of the turbine.

In the example of FIG. 3, the FEAD 158 is driven at a location in thepropulsion system 300 that is downstream of the engine 102. In oneexample, the FEAD 158 is coupled to the motor torque interface 124.Also, a third clutch 320 is provided between the traction electricmachine 122 and the motor torque interface 124. The third clutch 320 mayalso be effective to eliminate drag from the traction electric machinewhen not operated as a motor or generator. Additionally, decoupling thethird clutch 320 may help prevent undesirable back-spinning of thetraction electric machine 122. Based on the state of the first clutch106 and the third clutch 320, the FEAD 158 may be selectably driven bytorque output from either the engine 102, the traction electric machine122, or both. As a result higher electrical load vehicle accessories,such as air conditioning, may be powered by the traction electricmachine 122 while the engine 102 is deactivated.

Referring to FIG. 4, table 400 depicts an example of various operatingmodes 402 according to aspects of the present disclosure. The propulsionsystem controller issues commands to control the component state 404 ofeach of a plurality of system components to cause a particular operatingmode of the propulsion system.

In mode 406, a first motor assist mode, both of the engine and thetraction electric machine are operated to provide propulsion torque.Each of the first clutch, the second clutch, and the third clutch areclosed to transfer torque. The high-voltage battery is operated todischarge power to supply the traction electric machine. The APM is setto operate in buck mode to step down voltage for low voltage accessoryloads. The first motor assist mode 406 is operated when the high-voltagebattery has a mid to high SOC value. In one example, motor assist isimplemented when state of charge is greater than a first SOC threshold.In certain more specific examples, the SOC first threshold is set toabout 50%. The first motor assist mode 406 operates both propulsionsources such that fuel is supplied to the engine, and the tractionelectric machine is operated in motor mode.

Mode 408 is a second motor assist mode which is similar to the firstmotor assist mode 406, except where the engine is an unfueled state.Since each of the first clutch, the second clutch, and the third clutchare closed to transfer torque, the engine is still turned in theunfueled state. Mode 408 may also include a “spintrol” feature toenhance driving smoothness. The term “spintrol” may refer to using thetraction electric machine to maintain the speed of the unfueled engineat a low speed (e.g., idle) to maintain zero lash in the driveline andavoid a clunk upon a driver accelerator pedal input.

Mode 410 represents an opportunistic charge mode where power is providedback to at least one of the high-voltage battery and the low-voltagebattery. In cases where a battery SOC value drops to less than a secondSOC threshold, the engine is fueled for vehicle propulsion, and thetraction electric machine is operated as a generator to recover energy.In one example the second SOC threshold is set to about 40%. In a morespecific example, charge is provided to both of the high-voltage batteryand the low-voltage battery. It should be appreciated that various SOCthresholds may be employed as appropriate dependent on the materials anddesign of the high-voltage and the low-voltage batteries or otherappropriate energy sources.

Mode 412 represents a motor off mode where a low amount of energy isdischarged from the high-voltage battery and provided to charge thelow-voltage battery. Mode 412 may be implemented in response to acondition where the high-voltage battery has a mid to high SOC value,and the low-voltage battery has a mid SOC value. The traction electricmachine is allowed to freewheel and a trickle charge is discharged fromthe high-voltage battery and provided to the low-voltage battery.

Mode 414 represents operation of the propulsion system in electricvehicle (EV) mode. The first clutch is opened to decouple torque fromthe engine. Energy is provided from the high-voltage battery to powerthe traction electric machine for vehicle propulsion. It may beadvantageous to employ EV driving mode under certain cruising orlow-speed driving conditions such as providing acceleration from zerovehicle speed. In one example, EV mode is implemented when the vehicleis operated at a relatively steady-state speed determined by motor andhigh-voltage battery speed and power limits, respectively. In anotherexample, EV mode is implemented when the vehicle is operated within acertain speed and acceleration envelope as commanded by controller 146,which determines that the motor and high-voltage battery can provide thenecessary performance. In a further example, EV mode 414 may be engagedto propel the vehicle from zero speed up to a power-limited rate ofacceleration and/or speed before or after and engine restart.

Mode 416 represents a deceleration fuel cut-off (DFCO) mode where thecontroller causes fuel supply to the engine to be shut off when thevehicle is decelerating or slowing down. Additionally, regeneration maybe performed to recover energy while the engine is unfueled. During fuelcut-off, the engine may remain coupled to the driveline and continuerotating while unfueled. In one example, the controller is programmed tocause fuel cut-off in response to vehicle deceleration greater than afirst deceleration threshold that persists for longer than a secondpredetermined time duration. The traction electric machine is operatedin generator mode to supply energy to at least one of the low-voltagebattery and the high-voltage battery. The controller may cause energy tobe routed to one or both of the batteries depending on the SOC value ofeach respective battery. For example, in DFCO mode 416 energy isprovided to a battery in response to low to mid SOC value. In caseswhere a battery SOC value is less than the second SOC threshold duringdeceleration conditions, the traction electric machine is operated as agenerator to recover energy.

Mode 418 represents a vehicle standstill mode where vehicle speed issubstantially zero. If the SOC value at least one of the low-voltagebattery and the high-voltage battery is less than the second SOCthreshold while the vehicle is at rest, the controller is programmed tooperate the engine and operate the traction electric machine ingenerator mode. The first clutch is closed to transfer torque, and thesecond clutch and third clutch are opened to decouple torque from thedriveline. The engine is fueled to output torque and in turn spin thetraction electric machine to generate energy. Power is passed to one orboth of the batteries as required based on each respective SOC value.

Mode 420 represents an EV cruising mode where the engine is decoupledand unfueled. If the SOC value of the high-voltage battery is mid tohigh (i.e., greater than the first SOC threshold), power is dischargedfrom the battery to operate the traction electric machine in motor mode.The first clutch is opened to decouple the engine from the driveline,and the second clutch and the third clutch are closed to transfer torquefrom the motor to the vehicle wheels.

Mode 422 represents a regeneration mode where the engine is decoupled.When the vehicle undergoes deceleration, torque from the road wheels maybe applied to operate the traction electric machine in generator mode.When the SOC value of the high-voltage battery is low to mid (i.e., lessthan the second SOC threshold), energy is provided to the battery. Thefirst clutch is opened to decouple the engine from the driveline, andthe second clutch and the third clutch are closed to transfer torquefrom the vehicle wheels to the generator. Energy is then passed to thehigh-voltage battery to restore charge.

Mode 424 represents a coasting mode where the engine is decoupled andthe high-voltage battery stored sufficient charge so as not to requirerecharging. In one example, coasting mode 424 is entered whendecelerating while the SOC value of the high-voltage battery is greaterthan the second SOC threshold. The traction electric machine is allowedto freewheel. The first clutch and the second clutch are each opened todecouple torque from the road wheels from the traction electric machine.The second clutch is closed to allow the motor to provide torque ondemand for propulsion or operation of the FEAD for example.

Mode 426 represents a “bump start” mode where a clutch-assisted enginerestart may be used at high vehicle speed or high kinetic energy.Rotation already present in the driveline may be used to turn the enginefor a restart event. The engine is restarted by closing one or more ofthe clutches in the driveline. Bump start may be useful duringconditions where other starting sources are unavailable and the vehicleis already rolling.

Mode 428 represents an engine start mode using the low-voltage batteryas the energy source. As discussed above, such a condition may exist ifthere is a fault occurrence at the high-voltage battery. The firstclutch is opened to decouple the engine from the downstream portions ofthe driveline. Power is discharged from the low-voltage battery tooperate the starter electric machine to crank the engine. The responsetime of the starter electric machine may be degraded as compared to ahigh-voltage start, however the starting function is still enabled whenpowered from the low-voltage power source.

Mode 430 represents an engine start mode using the high-voltage batteryas the energy source. The first clutch is opened to decouple the enginefrom the downstream portions of the driveline. Power is discharged fromthe high-voltage battery to operate the starter electric machine tocrank the engine. This is the preferred mode of engine starting andrestarting since the starter electric machine provides a better responseto the high-voltage power input. The high-voltage engine start may beused to provide a rapid restart, such as following an EV cruising modefor example. According to some examples, the controller is programmed tosynchronize a rotational speed of the engine with the input speed of thetransmission following an engine restart and prior to mechanicallyengaging the engine (e.g., engaging one or more of the disconnectclutches).

Mode 432 is similar to regen mode 422, but in this case the tractionelectric machine is used to generate power which is shunted directly todrive the high-voltage starter electric machine. The power is providedto bypass the high-voltage battery.

Referring to FIG. 5, plot 500 depicts an example mode selection profileaccording to the example mode selection scheme discussed above.Horizontal axis 502 represents time as the vehicle travels a route. Thevertical axis 504 represents a magnitude of power output of a propulsionsource for battery output power curve 508 and engine output power curve510, and represents vehicle velocity for the velocity curve 506.

At time T0 the vehicle is accelerated from rest. The vehicle isinitially launched using EV mode for propulsion. If sufficientacceleration demand is present, the controller may be prompted to startthe engine to supplement propulsion torque. In an alternative example,speed is used as a criteria to trigger an engine start event. In a morespecific case, the propulsion system triggers an engine start event inresponse to a vehicle speed exceeding a first speed threshold S1. Insome examples, S1 is set to be about 4 kilometers per hour. Between T1and T2, the engine is started, as denoted along curve 510 by a briefduration of negative engine torque related to torque input to crank theengine.

From time T2 to T3 the engine is operated in an engine assist mode tosupplement overall torque output of the propulsion system. Once engineoutput power approaches full capacity, motor torque output may bereduced as the vehicle continues to accelerate.

During the time between T3 and T4, the vehicle may approach a maximumspeed during the drive cycle and cease acceleration. During time of noacceleration, the propulsion system may enter an opportunistic chargemode to take advantage of available energy in the system. As depicted bycurve 510, engine output is reduced. As further shown by curve 508energy (shown as negative output energy on the plot) is returned to thetraction electric machine.

During the time between T4 and T5, the propulsion system may enter aDFCO mode in response to further vehicle deceleration. The engine outputis further reduced in response to the fuel cutoff. Curve 510 reflectsnegative energy related to engine drag applied to further decelerate thevehicle.

During the time between T5 and T6, the propulsion system may inter EVregeneration in response to an increased deceleration demand that isgreater than a predetermined deceleration demand threshold. As discussedabove, EV generation mode allows the traction electric machine to beoperated in generator mode such that the high-voltage battery isrecharged. Curve 508 reflects energy being returned to the battery. Inthe example provided, power is passed to the battery at a peak rate ofabout 5 kW.

During the time between T6 and T7, the vehicle is driven at about asteady-state speed for an extended duration. The propulsion systementers an EV cruise mode in response to the relatively consistent speed.The engine is disabled to conserve fuel, and power is output from thetraction electric machine while operated in motor mode. In the exampleprovided, about 10 kW is output from the electric motor, correspondingto a vehicle speed of about 40+/−2.5 kilometers per hour. Configuringthe starter electric machine to be powered by the high-voltage batteryallows rapid engine restarting at the conclusion of both of EV cruisemodes and EV regeneration modes. While not depicted in plot 500, highacceleration demand while operating in an EV mode may cause an enginerestart event.

During the time between T7 and T8, the vehicle is brought to rest fromthe cruising speed. The propulsion system enters a second regenerationmode to recover energy from the deceleration. The engine remainsdisabled, and the traction electric machine is operated as a generator.As may be seen from the plot, the recharge rate of about 5 kW ismaintained for a longer duration as compared to the previous EVregeneration described above during the time between T5 and T6. Thus,more overall energy is recovered during the extended decelerationperiod.

As reflected by alternate curve 506′ a sudden acceleration could beeffected due to a driver “change-of-mind” during a drive cycle, realizedby a sudden tip-in at the accelerator pedal. This condition may or maynot be preceded by a braking event. The change-of-mind case could occurduring any phase of the driving modes described above. In such cases,the traction electric machine delivers instantaneous torque per driverrequest. The engine, if disconnected from the powertrain, is restartedand re-engaged with the driveline to provide additional torque. Thetorque sharing between the motor and the engine is determined by thedriver pedal requirements.

Referring to FIG. 6, vehicle 10 is provided with an alternativeconfiguration propulsion system 600. In the alternate configuration, anaccessory electric machine 606 is applied to operate certain vehicleaccessories. The accessory electric machine may be operated in motormode or generator mode. In the example propulsion system 600, each of anair conditioning unit 602 and a water pump 604 may be selectably drivenby the accessory electric machine 606. The accessory electric machine606 may be operated to provide fault tolerance and drive the accessoriesin response to a fault condition such as a battery failure. Theaccessory electric machine 606 may be powered by either the low-voltagebattery 134 or the high-voltage battery 132. The air conditioning unit602 includes an A/C torque interface 608. A belt 164 couples the A/Ctorque interface 608 to the engine output torque interface 162. Undernormal operating conditions, the engine 102 drives the accessories. Inthis case, the accessory electric machine 606 may be operated as agenerator to recover energy from rotational output of the engine 102. Inthis case the accessory electric machine 606 may replace the function ofan alternator and pass energy to the low-voltage battery 134 to maintaina full charge. A propulsion system alternator may be replaced by theaccessory electric machine 606.

The A/C torque interface 608 is also coupled to a water pump torqueinterface 614. One or more clutches may be disposed between the airconditioning unit 602 and the water pump 604 to enable independentoperation of each of the accessories. A first accessory clutch 610 isdisposed between the air conditioning unit 602 and the accessoryelectric machine 606. A second accessory clutch 612 is disposed betweenthe accessory electric machine 606 and the water pump 604. In responseto a fault condition associated with one of the batteries, the accessoryelectric machine may be driven by the non-fault battery to operate theaccessories in a limp mode.

In variant configurations of the propulsion system 600, at least one ofthe accessories may be solely electrically-driven without mechanicalcoupling to the engine output. In one example, an electric water pumpmay be directly powered by the high-voltage battery 132.

Referring to FIG. 7, vehicle 10 is provided with a further alternativeconfiguration propulsion system 700. The traction electric machine 122may be arranged to directly drive an accessory unit 702. In one example,the accessory unit 702 is a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) unit. An accessory torque interface 704 is coupled to the motortorque interface 124. A shaft 706 transfers torque between the accessoryunit 702 and the traction electric machine 122. A clutch 708 is disposedbetween the accessory unit 702 and the traction electric machine 122 toselectably decouple a torque connection. The accessory torque interface704 is also coupled to the engine output torque interface 162. In oneexample, a belt 164 connects the torque interface 704 to the engineoutput torque interface 162. The configuration allows the accessory unit702 to be selectively driven by either the engine 102 or tractionelectric machine 122. In effect, the HVAC unit 702 may be powered by thehigh-voltage battery 132 for light load conditions when there issufficient SOC. In one example “light load” may refer to overallelectrical loads of less than about 2 kilowatts. Practically, theconfiguration of FIG. 7 allows the propulsion system to remain in EVmode with the engine 102 deactivated in spite of slight changes inelectrical demand. Such electrical demand may otherwise cause the engineto unnecessarily restart to provide power assist.

The electrified hybrid vehicle configurations described herein allow forcertain low-speed EV mode special operation cases. Since the tractionelectric machine may be directly connected to the driveline with theengine decoupled, drag due to turning the engine can be eliminated. Inone example, an autonomous self-parking mode is enabled at low speedusing an EV drive mode. The controller may communicate over a wirelessnetwork to receive real-time mapping or other guidance to park thevehicle. In some examples the vehicle receives information from externallocal infrastructure devices indicative of available parking spaces.Additionally, optical cameras or other sensors on the vehicle may sensethe surrounding areas to steer the vehicle. At least on proximity signalis generated by the sensors that is indicative of objects in a vicinityof the vehicle. In this case, the engine can remain in a disabled statewhile the vehicle is automatically parked.

The starter electric motor operates as a failsafe feature duringautonomous self-parking mode. If the SOC of the high-voltage powersource becomes less than a predetermined SOC threshold duringself-parking, the starter electric machine is powered to restart theengine to ensure the presence of an adequate propulsion source in orderto complete the self-parking maneuver. For example, a self-parking eventin a large parking lot or parking structure may cause a drop in batterySOC such that the engine may be required to provide power to completethe maneuver.

In a specific application, smart cameras located at a parking lottransmit information to the vehicle regarding available parking spaces.A user may visually review the available spaces via a user interfacedisplay in the vehicle, then select one of the available parking spacesas a target parking space. In one example, the vehicle operates in avalet mode such that a user can drive to a doorstep area of a desiredlocation, then select a nearby target parking space from the group ofavailable parking spaces. The user may then exit the vehicle, and promptthe vehicle to automatically self-park at the user-selected targetparking space while operating in low speed EV mode. The vehicle thenuses information wirelessly received from local infrastructure devices,GPS positioning data, as well as data detected by vehicle sensors toautonomously propel the vehicle using the traction electric machinetoward the target parking space to self-park in the space.

In a further example, the vehicle while operating in low-speed EVself-park mode, may be configured to navigate itself though a parkinglot or structure, and search for an empty parking spaces suitable tostore the vehicle. Visual sensors at the vehicle may output signalsindicative of object detection in an area near the vehicle. Vehiclecommunication with local infrastructure may provide informationregarding available spaces, other vehicles traversing the parking area,as well as other information to facilitate self-parking. In this was thevehicle may be equipped to park itself without requiring a userselection of a target parking space.

The processes, methods, or algorithms disclosed herein can bedeliverable to/implemented by a processing device, controller, orcomputer, which can include any existing programmable electronic controlunit or dedicated electronic control unit. Similarly, the processes,methods, or algorithms can be stored as data and instructions executableby a controller or computer in many forms including, but not limited to,information permanently stored on non-writable storage media such as ROMdevices and information alterably stored on writeable storage media suchas floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, RAM devices, and other magneticand optical media. The processes, methods, or algorithms can also beimplemented in a software executable object. Alternatively, theprocesses, methods, or algorithms can be embodied in whole or in partusing suitable hardware components, such as Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs),state machines, controllers or other hardware components or devices, ora combination of hardware, software and firmware components.

While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended thatthese embodiments describe all possible forms encompassed by the claims.The words used in the specification are words of description rather thanlimitation, and it is understood that various changes can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Aspreviously described, the features of various embodiments can becombined to form further embodiments of the invention that may not beexplicitly described or illustrated. While various embodiments couldhave been described as providing advantages or being preferred overother embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one ormore desired characteristics, those of ordinary skill in the artrecognize that one or more features or characteristics can becompromised to achieve desired overall system attributes, which dependon the specific application and implementation. These attributes caninclude, but are not limited to cost, strength, durability, life cyclecost, marketability, appearance, packaging, size, serviceability,weight, manufacturability, ease of assembly, etc. As such, embodimentsdescribed as less desirable than other embodiments or prior artimplementations with respect to one or more characteristics are notoutside the scope of the disclosure and can be desirable for particularapplications.

Referring to FIG. 8, a flowchart of a method 800 stored on andexecutable by the controller 146 (shown in FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 7) is shown.Method 800 need not be applied in the specific order recited herein andit is understood that some blocks may be eliminated. Method 800 includesblocks 802 through to block 826. Per block 802, the method 800 includesselectively operating at least one of a combustion engine and a firstelectric machine (electric machine labeled as “EM” in FIG. 8) to providea propulsion torque, the first electric machine being powered by ahigh-voltage (“HV”) power source. Per block 804, the method 800 includesdeactivating the combustion engine in response to the vehicle beingoperated at a speed corresponding to a power draw less than a powerthreshold for a predetermined amount of time. Per block 806, the method800 includes in response to a torque demand that is greater than atorque demand threshold, restarting the combustion engine using torqueoutput from a second electric machine powered by the high voltage powersource. Per block 808, the method 800 includes powering at least one ofthe first electric machine and the second electric machine using alow-voltage (“LV”) power source in response to a fault conditionassociated with the high-voltage power source. Per block 810, the method800 includes operating the second electric machine as a generator inresponse to a fault condition associated with the first electricmachine. Per block 812, the method 800 includes operating the firstelectric machine as a generator to provide power to the high-voltagepower source in response to a vehicle coast condition. Per block 814,the method 800 includes deactivating the combustion engine in responseto the vehicle being at a standstill for a predetermined amount of time.Per block 816, the method 800 includes powering at least one vehicleaccessory component using torque output from the first electric machinewhile the engine is deactivated. Per block 818, the method 800 includesgenerating a state of health prognosis signal for at least one of thefirst electric machine, the second electric machine, and thehigh-voltage power source, and transmitting the prognosis signal to anoff-board processor. Per block 820, the method 800 includes receiving asignal indicative of at least one available parking space. Per block822, the method 800 includes providing a user interface to inform a userof the at least one available parking space. Per block 824, the method800 includes generating at least one proximity signal indicative of atleast one object in a vicinity of the vehicle. Per block 826, the method800 includes, in response to a user prompt, automatically operating thefirst electric machine to propel the vehicle to the target parkingspace.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of operating a vehicle propulsion systemcomprising: selectively operating at least one of a combustion engineand a first electric machine to provide a propulsion torque, the firstelectric machine being powered by a high-voltage power source;deactivating the combustion engine in response to the vehicle beingoperated at a speed corresponding to a power draw less than a powerthreshold for a predetermined amount of time; in response to a torquedemand that is greater than a torque demand threshold, restarting thecombustion engine using torque output from a second electric machinepowered by the high voltage power source; and powering at least one ofthe first electric machine and the second electric machine using alow-voltage power source in response to a fault condition associatedwith the high-voltage power source.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: operating the second electric machine as a generator inresponse to a fault condition associated with the first electricmachine.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: operating thefirst electric machine as a generator to provide power to thehigh-voltage power source in response to a vehicle coast condition. 4.The method of claim 1, further comprising: deactivating the combustionengine in response to the vehicle being at a standstill for apredetermined amount of time.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: generating a state of health prognosis signal for at leastone of the first electric machine, the second electric machine, and thehigh-voltage power source, and transmitting the prognosis signal to anoff-board processor.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:powering at least one vehicle accessory component using torque outputfrom the first electric machine while the engine is deactivated.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a signal indicative ofat least one available parking space; providing a user interface toinform a user of the at least one available parking space; generating atleast one proximity signal indicative of at least one object in avicinity of the vehicle; and in response to a user prompt, automaticallyoperating the first electric machine to propel the vehicle to the targetparking space.
 8. A method of operating a vehicle propulsion systemcomprising: selectively operating at least one of a combustion engineand a first electric machine to provide a propulsion torque, the firstelectric machine being powered by a high-voltage power source;deactivating the combustion engine in response to the vehicle beingoperated at a speed corresponding to a power draw less than a powerthreshold for a predetermined amount of time; in response to a torquedemand that is greater than a torque demand threshold, restarting thecombustion engine using torque output from a second electric machinepowered by the high voltage power source; and operating the secondelectric machine as a generator in response to a fault conditionassociated with the first electric machine.
 9. The method of claim 8,further comprising: operating the first electric machine as a generatorto provide power to the high-voltage power source in response to avehicle coast condition.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:deactivating the combustion engine in response to the vehicle being at astandstill for a predetermined amount of time; and powering at least onevehicle accessory component using torque output from the first electricmachine while the engine is deactivated.
 11. The method of claim 8,further comprising: generating a state of health prognosis signal for atleast one of the first electric machine, the second electric machine,and the high-voltage power source, and transmitting the prognosis signalto an off-board processor.
 12. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising: receiving a signal indicative of at least one availableparking space; providing a user interface to inform a user of the atleast one available parking space; generating at least one proximitysignal indicative of at least one object in a vicinity of the vehicle;and in response to a user prompt, automatically operating the firstelectric machine to propel the vehicle to the target parking space. 13.A propulsion system for a vehicle, the propulsion system comprising: acombustion engine and a first electric machine each configured toselectively provide torque to propel the vehicle; a second electricmachine coupled to the engine to selectively provide torque; ahigh-voltage power source configured to selectively power the firstelectric machine and the second electric machine; a low-voltage powersource configured to selectively power the first electric machine andthe second electric machine; and a controller programmed to: selectivelyoperate at least one of the combustion engine and the first electricmachine to provide a propulsion torque, the first electric machine beingpowered by the high-voltage power source; deactivate the combustionengine in response to the vehicle being operated at a speedcorresponding to a power draw less than a power threshold for apredetermined amount of time; in response to a torque demand that isgreater than a torque demand threshold, restart the combustion engineusing torque output from the second electric machine powered by the highvoltage power source; and power at least one of the first electricmachine and the second electric machine using the low-voltage powersource in response to a fault condition associated with the high-voltagepower source.
 14. The propulsion system of claim 13, wherein thecontroller is programmed to: operate the second electric machine as agenerator in response to a fault condition associated with the firstelectric machine.
 15. The propulsion system of claim 13, wherein thecontroller is programmed to: operate the first electric machine as agenerator to provide power to the high-voltage power source in responseto a vehicle coast condition.
 16. The propulsion system of claim 13,wherein the controller is programmed to: deactivate the combustionengine in response to the vehicle being at a standstill for apredetermined amount of time.
 17. The propulsion system of claim 13,wherein the controller is programmed to: generate a state of healthprognosis signal for at least one of the first electric machine, thesecond electric machine, and the high-voltage power source, and transmitthe prognosis signal to an off-board processor.
 18. The propulsionsystem of claim 13, further comprising: at least one vehicle accessorycomponent operatively connected to the first electric machine; andwherein the controller is programmed to power t h e at least one vehicleaccessory component using torque output from the first electric machinewhile the engine is deactivated.
 19. The propulsion system of claim 13,wherein the controller is programmed to: receive a signal indicative ofat least one available parking space; provide a user interface to informa user of the at least one available parking space; generate at leastone proximity signal indicative of at least one object in a vicinity ofthe vehicle; and in response to a user prompt, automatically operate thefirst electric machine to propel the vehicle to the target parkingspace.